It says of Clement I (88-97): Hic fecit VII regiones, dividit notariis fidelibus ecclesiae, qui gestas martyrum sollicite et curiose, unusquisque per regionem suam, diligenter perquireret (ed. Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria della Scala. EWTN Global Catholic Television Network: Catholic News, TV, Radio | EWTN The cardinalitial deaconries are: S. Maria in Via Lata, S. Adriano al Foro Romano, S. Agata alla Suburra, S. Angelo in Pescheria, S. Cesareo in Palatio, SS. But the cardinal must swear that he will defend conscientiously the papal Bulls concerning non-alienation of the possessions of the Roman Church, nepotism, and papal elections, likewise his own cardinalitial dignity. Cardinal-Priest of Ognissanti in Via Appia Nuova. Events. Serving diocesan bishops are usually appointed as cardinal priests, while cardinals appointed to lead curial departments usually start out as cardinal deacons. By the term cardinal (Cardinalis) was originally understood every priest permanently attached to a church, every clertcus, either intitulatus or incardinatus. The dean or head of the College of Cardinals is the Bishop of Ostia; the sub-dean is the Bishop of Porto. It seems to be the ca. Pius IX announced (March 15, 1875) a creation of cardinals in petto with publication of their names in his testament, but this creation never went into effect. In a consistory of the College of Cardinals yesterday, Pope Francis approved seven new men and women who will be declared saints in the coming weeks. Cardinal Electors At the Vatican Council the demand was made that in the Sacred College and the Roman Congregations there should be from every nation not only scholarly, but also wise and experienced, men (Coll. ; Sixtus V, Postquam verus, 7, 8, December 3, 1587, ibid., VIII, 810 sqq; Benedict XIII, Romani Pontifices, 5, 7, September 7, 1724, ibid., XXII, 94 sq. Cardinal-Deacon of S. Cuore di Cristo Re (2007.11.24 [2008.05.30] - 2018.05.19) Archpriest of Papal Basilica of Saint Mary Major (2016.12.28 - . In all such cases the recipient must promise under oath, and under pain of nullity of his nomination, that within a year he will go personally to Rome for the further ceremonies above described, and to receive his title (Postquam verus, 19). During the vacancy of the Apostolic See the color of the cardinals dress is saffron (J. M. Suaresius, Dissert. the cardinal legate Roland at the Diet of Besancon in 1157. During the Western Schism their number increased, inasmuch as each of the contending claimants created his own college of cardinals. Only six cardinals hold the title of cardinal bishop. The provision that for the condemnation of an ecclesiastic seventy-two, forty-four, or twenty-seven witnesses were needed, according as he was bishop, priest, or deacon, is no longer recognized (C. un. cit., no. Cardinal Burke and Seven Other Princes of the Church Made Cardinal Priests Sirmond, II, 731); C. 2, 6 (Pseudo-Isidore), D. XXII. This only applies to cardinal bishops from the Latin Church; Patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches retain their Eastern patriarchal titles as cardinal bishops upon appointment. According to ark ancient concession the wishes of Austria, Spain, and Portugal are as far as possible respected, when there is question of raising to the cardinalate a bishop; of one of these nations, known thenceforth as a crown-cardinal. One can say that these principal priests and deacons had to help the Pope in the Roman basilicas where they were incardinated and thus they began to be known as "cardinals." From this moment forward, they came to be called "cardinal priests and deacons," this is to say, "incardinated." MicroData Summary for Richard James Cushing. How are bishops, priests and deacons different? Why are they ordained In the afternoon of the same day the newly-created cardinals meet in the popes apartments, in the antechamber of which the scarlet zucchetta, or skull-cap, is handed to them; thereafter the scarlet biretta is placed by the pope on the head of each. as commendatory abbots. In cardinal. Such a division, scarcely possible in the period of persecution, is vouched for at the end of the fifth century by the signatures of Roman presbyters present at the Council of Rome in 499 under Pope Symmachus (cf. As a legal corporation the cardinals have their own revenues, which are administered by a camerlengo (camerarius) chosen from their own body (not to be confounded with the cardinal camerlengo, administrator of the papal estate), and to some extent the successor of the former archdeacon or prior diaconorum cardinalium. We read in this constitution De jure cardinalium as follows: Itemque ex nostra prsesenti constitutione bis in mense vel eo amplius vel apud illum vel illum titulum sive apud illam vel illam diaconiam sive apud alias quashbet ecclesias vos convenire mandamus, et ob vestram et inferiorum clericorum vitam et mores et qualitates et habitus vestium perscrutandum et qualiter quilibet prsepositi se erga subditos habeant vel quod subditi suis praepositis non obediant et ad gnseque illicita amputanda, clericorum quoque et laicorum querimonias, quae ad nostrum judicium pertinent, quantum fieri potest definiendas, quippe cum sicut nostram mansuetudinem Moysi, ita et vestram paternitatem LXX seniorum, qui sub eodem causarum negotia diiudicabant, vicissitudinem gerere, certum habeamus. (VIAF: 81151837978420520006; WikiData: Q27158977) The word cardinal is often mistakenly believed to derive from the Greek root karda, meaning heart, and people often note that red which cardinals wear, and the bird of the same name. Before the consistory, moreover, were treated the important questions that arose concerning the properties of the Roman Church (bona ecclesice romance), the papal fiefs, the Crusades, and such grave political matters as the settlement of disputed royal elections, the approbation of newly-elected kings, and the deposition of princes. General Information. All | Hence, during the papal conclaves, which often lasted a long time, the cardinals sought occasionally to bind the new pope by election capitulations (see Episcopal and Pontifical Capitulations), after the manner of the obligations imposed on new bishops by their chapters; prevented the appointment of new cardinals; allied themselves (at least individually) with the civil power against the pope; maintained that the pope could not abdicate without their consent; or even that they could depose him, at least that they could convoke a council for that purpose, as in fact they did convoke the Council of Pisa in 1409 to put an end to the Western Schism. ; M. Souchon, Die Papstwahlen von Bonifaz VIII bis Urban VI, and die Entstehung des Schismas 1378 (Brunswick, 1888); Idem, Die Papstwahlen in der Zeit des grossen Schismas (ibid., 1898); Wenck, Gottingische gelehrte Anzeigen (1900), 139 sqq. Et tamen omnes sunt canonici patriarchalis basilicae Lateranensis (De Ecclesia Lateranensi, C. viii, in Museum Italicum, II, 567), i.e., on certain great feasts, bishops of superior rank say Mass on the altar of the Lateran Basilica. The Bull Ubi Periculum of Gregory X, concerning papal elections, issued at the Council of Lyons (1274), confined the cardinals to the exercise of the above-mentioned power. Promotion within the three cardinalatial ranks is always within the gift of the pope. The jus optionis is also customary for the other two orders, both within each order, and from one to the other, given the necessary qualifications for such elevation. According to a constitution of John VIII, published between 873 and 882, these cardinal-priests (presbyters cardinales) were the supervisors of ecclesiastical discipline at Rome and also ecclesiastical judges. As a matter of fact, such nominations would not be invalid, and have been made (Archiv f. kathol. The College of Cardinals best known and most important function is to elect the next Bishop of Rome after the death of a pope. They were jointly entitled, among other dues, to a share of the moneys paid into the papal treasury on such occasions as the conferring of the pallium, confirmation of bishops, also by nations and fiefs that acknowledged the sovereignty or protection of the Holy See. XXIV, De ref., c. i), there should be in the college representatives of all Christian nations. Individually, cardinals are appointed from around the world, usually either as serving diocesan bishops or as heads of curial departments. dogmatic decisions, canonizations, approbations of rules of new orders, affairs of the Inquisition and the universities, indulgences for the Universal Church, modifications of the rules for papal elections, the convocation of general councils, also the nomination and mission of Apostolic legates and vicars. Hello! Ernest Simoni In canonical and general usage, it refers to . Ad Limina | 4; C. 3, 4, 5 (Roman Synod under Pope Stephen III, 769), D. LXXIX; Letter of Leo IX (1053) to Michael Cserularius in Jaffe, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, 2d ed. [C. 3 (Gelasius I, 492-496), D. XXIV. A bishop is a priest who carries the fullness of the sacrament of Orders (Decree on the Bishops' Pastoral Office in the Church, n. 15). II. Though vestiges of a time when actual bishops, actual presbyters, and actual deacons would all be created cardinals, today virtually all cardinals are ordained bishop and the ranks are just a matter of establishing ceremonial prece. Relations of the cardinals to the pope; VII. They also give the benedictio sollemnis after the manner of a bishop. As Roman princes they follow immediately the reigning sovereign, and rank with the princes of reigning houses (Cieremoniale cardinalium, May 14, 1706, 6; Decree of April 16, 1858; Bangen, Die romische Curie, 462). Cardinal-subdeacons are often mentioned, and once even cardinal-acolytes. Recent | It remains the case that, if a patriarch is also made a cardinal in the Latin Church, he is created at the rank of cardinal-bishop, without a named see, but retains his place of precedence. by Date | This appointment carried with it the obligation to be ordained to a clerical order,[1] meaning that "lay cardinal" was not a permanent state, but a term in reference to a man who was appointed cardinal prior to taking on the clerical state corresponding to that appointment. RIGHTS OF CARDINALS. The cathedral chapters reached their fullest development as corporations early in the thirteenth century, when they obtained the exclusive right of episcopal elections. Nerei et Achillei, S. Sixti, S. Marcelli, S. Susanne. IX, 56). Second Vatican Council: Session One: Council Father. From the sixth century on it was the archipresbyter (archpriest), the archidiaconus (archdeacon), and the primicerius notariorum (chief notary) who represented the Apostolic See, locum servantes Apostolicae Sedis (Liter Diurnus, ed. Pope Gregory XIV (r. 1590-1591) created five new cardinals in two consistories: 19 December 1590 [ edit] Paolo Emilio Sfondrati, nephew of the Pope - cardinal-priest of S. Cecilia (received the title on 14 January 1591), then cardinal-bishop of Albano (17 August 1611), 14 February 1618. the defense of the States of the Church or any part of them, or some danger so great and evident that each and every one of the cardinals present thinks it necessary to deal with it immediately. Others were sent abroad as cardinal legates; others again acted as cardinal protectors of nations and religious orders (Sagmuller, Die Tatigkeit und Stellung der Kardinale, 46 sqq.). 3. by Country by Name by Precedence by Religious Order by Title Cardinal-Bishops (12) Cardinal-Priests (183) Cardinal-Deacons (27) Order of Bishops (12) Cardinal-Bishops follow the precedence listed below: Order of Priests (183) et dhist., VII, 17 sqq. Cardinals also had different roles. Apart from excommunication these penalties are no longer practically applicable. RELATIONS OF THE CARDINALS TO THE POPE.In the Middle Ages the cardinals attempted more than once to secure over the pope the same preeminence which they had secured in a permanent way over the episcopate, i.e., they sought to change the monarchical form of government into an aristocracy. Consistory - 2016: Created Cardinal (Non-Voting) Nomination of cardinals; VIII. Their authority was exercised chiefly in two ways, in the administration of the States of the Church and in the election of the new pope. Consistories | 6 of the Italian Law of Guarantees, May 13, 1871, provides for complete liberty of the cardinals in papal elections.) 27 Cardinal-Deacons of 222 living Cardinals. Sickel, Vienna, 1889, Formula LIX). All | Germ., Berlin, 1864, II, 9 sqq.). On the other hand, Sixtus V, by his yet valid constitutions Postquam verus, of December 3, 1586 (4), and Religiosa sanctorum, of April 13, 1587, fixed the number of cardinals at seventy, six cardinal-bishops, fifty cardinal-priests, and fourteen cardinal-deacons, in imitation of the seventy elders of Moses, and declared null and void all nominations in excess of this number (Bullarium Rom., Turin, 1857, VIII, 810 sqq., 833 sqq.). Roles of Bishop, Archbishop and Cardinal Explained (Cf. Giovanni Cheli (Cardinal-Deacon: 21 Feb 1998; Cardinal-Priest: 1 Mar 2008 to 8 Feb 2013) Innocenzo Cibo (Cybo) (Cardinal-Deacon: 29 Sep 1513 to 26 Jun 1517) Ernest Cardinal Simoni [Catholic-Hierarchy] Necrology (2022.03.04 - .) ): Hic [Simplicius] constituit ad sanctum Petrum apostolum et ad sanctum Laurentium martyrem ebdomadas, ut presbyteri manerent, propterpenitentes et baptismum: regio III ad sanctum Laurentium, regio prima ad sanctum Paulum, regio VI vel septima ad sanctum Petrum (cf. Read more about cardinalstheir powers, their role in the Church, and how theyre different from an archbishopin the encyclopedia entry below. The same number was demanded by the Council of Basle in 1436 (Sess. L. Wahrmund, Ueber die kirchliche Zulassigkeit der Rekusation der iibertragenen Kardinalswrde, in Archie f. kath. Semi-public consistories are a combination of a public and a secret consistory. The difference between these three orders is not as significant as the differences between "actual" deacons, priests and bishops. Because so many previous senior curial cardinals are currently living long into retirement, and past the age of 80 when they can no longer vote in a conclave, in 2018, Pope Francis took the unusual step of creating four new cardinal bishops even while the suburbican cardinal bishops were still alive. Secret consistories are now called more rarely, at intervals of several months, and deal with the few subjects or questions actually pending. From the 1917 Code of Canon Law until the motu proprio of Paul VI in 1965, cardinals of all ranks took precedence over patriarchs. Duchesne, Les titres presbyteraux et les diaconies, in Melanges darcheol. Living Cardinals (by Precedence) - GCatholic.org Oldest | CARDINALITIAL DIOCESES, TITLES, AND DEACONRIES.The actual cardinalitial dioceses are Ostia and Velletri, Porto and Santa Rufina, Albano, Frascati (Tusculum), Palestrina (Prmneste), and Sabina. When actually present in Rome, they may grant benefices in their titular churches (C. 24, X de electione, 16; C, 11, X de Metrop. CARDINAL-DEACONS.Besides the clergy attached to each Roman Church, there was in the city a regionary clergy of almost equal antiquity, so called because of its relations to the ecclesiastical regiones or quarters into which, after the fashion of the municipal regions, Christian Rome was at an early date divided. In the historical practice of the Catholic Church, a lay cardinal was a man whom the pope appointed to the College of Cardinals while still a layman. Order of precedence Titular | III. When the latter ceased to lead any longer the vita canonica or common life, they became corporations recognized by the canon law, with free administration of their property, chapter-meetings, autonomy, disciplinary authority, and the right to have and use a seal. In their titular churches a baldacchino covers the cardinalitial throne, and they have the right to use in these churches the episcopal ornaments, i.e. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, "the term Cardinalis applied at Rome from the end of the fifth century to priests permanently attached to the (twenty-five to twenty-eight) Roman tituli,. For the twelfth century we have the statement of Johannes Diaconus in the sixteenth chapter of his work De ecclesia Lateranensi (ed. Cardinal-bishops; IY. Marcellino e Pietro, S. Marcello, S. Marco, S. Maria degli Angell, S. Maria della Pace, S. Maria della Scala, S. Maria della Vittoria, S. Maria del Popolo, S. Maria in Aracefi, S. Maria in Cosmedin, S. Maria in Transpontina, S. Maria in Trastevere, S. Maria in Via, S. Maria sopra Minerva, S. Maria Nuova e S. Francesca Romana, SS. Among other things it says: Iidem quoque cardinales accelerandae provisioni sic vacent attentius, quod se nequaquam de alio negotio intromittant, nisi forsan necessitas adeo urgens mcideret, quod eos oporteret de terra ipsius ecclesiae defendenda vet eius parte aliqua providere, vet nisi aliquod tam grande et tam evidens periculum immineret quod omnibus et singulis cardinalibus praesentibus videretur celeriter occurrendum (C. 3, 1, in VIto de electione, I, 6). As of Monday, Cardinal Angelo Amato, Cardinal Walter Brandmller, Cardinal Raymond Burke, Cardinal Kurt Koch, Cardinal Francesco Monterisi, Cardinal Mauro Piacenza, Cardinal Gianfranco Ravasi, and Cardinal Robert Sarah moved from the rank of cardinal deacons to become cardinal priests. There are, therefore, in all, seventy-five churches (6 + 53 + 16) disposable for the three orders of cardinals. Walter Cardinal Kasper [Catholic-Hierarchy] In addition to presiding over the college, the dean has a number of key functions for the governance of the Church after the death of a pope, and it's the dean who presides over the daily meetings of cardinals prior to the conclave and who leads the conclave if he is not over 80 years old. The origin, development, and modifications of this office will be treated as follows: I. Cardinal-priests; II. Innocent III was wont to hold such a consistory three times a week (Gesta Innocentii, c. 41, in. Cardinalitial dioceses, titles, and deaconries; V. Relations of the cardinals to the bishops; VI. 3366). Their right to elect the pope will be treated in the article Conclave. ): Hic titulos in urbe Roma dividit presbyteris et VII diaconos ordinavit qui custodirent episcopum praedicantem, propter stilum veritatis (op. Cardinal-Deacons [Catholic-Hierarchy] Date Age Event Title; 5 Mar 1933: Born: 6 Apr 1957: 24.0: Ordained Priest: Priest of Rottenburg, Germany: 17 Apr 1989: 56.1: . ; M. Spathen, Giraldus Cambrensis and Thomas von Evesham fiber die von ihnen an der Kurie gefiihrten Prozesse in Neues Archiv d. Geseilschaft f. alt. This means that when a cardinalitial office is vacant, the cardinal next in rank of seniority can choose (optare) the vacant office. ; Baumgarten, Die Translation der Kardinale von Innocenz III bis Martin V, in Hist. Archbishop Gerhard Ludwig Mller (66), Prefect of Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, President of Pontifical Commission "Ecclesia Dei", President of Pontifical Biblical Commission, President of International Theological Commission, Archbishop ad personam and Bishop emeritus of Regensburg ( Germany) Cardinal . These allocutions are meant for the entire Church, and are therefore published in ecclesiastical organs. When the Pope decides that a certain priest is to become a bishop, this means that the priest is being . Type of Jurisdiction: Cardinal Titular Church Established: 780; . of the pallium taxes, the dues for confirmation of bishops (servitia communia), the census or tribute from the countries subject to the pope, the Peters-pence, the visitation dues (paid in on the occasion of their visits to Rome, visitatio liminum apostolorum, by all archbishops, by bishops immediately subject to the Holy See or confirmed and consecrated by the pope, and by abbots freed from episcopal jurisdiction and immediately subject to the Holy See), besides other sources of revenues (J. P. Kirsch, Die Finanzverwaltung des Kardinalkollegiums im 13. and 14. For the care of the poor the city was divided into seven regions, each of which was administered by a deacon. (Leipzig, 1885), no. [3], In 1917, Pope Pius X promulgated the first edition of the Code of Canon Law, which included a provision that a man must be first ordained a priest prior to being considered for appointment as a cardinal. In honor of this historical links, at the time of their appointment, cardinal priests and deacons are given an honorary title tied to an ancient Roman church, which they are expected to help fundraise for and take a special interest in, the same goes with cardinal bishops and their nominal suburbican dioceses. ; Clement XII, Pastorale Officium, 8, January 10, 1731, ibid., XII, 226; L. Brancatius, Dissertatio de option sex episcopatuum, Rome, 1692). MicroData Summary for The common revenue of the College of Cardinals is now inconsiderable; hence the rotulus cardinalicius, or dividend paid yearly to the cardinals resident in Rome, is comparatively small. Every inch of this earth, if it has been evangelized and now has a permanently established Catholic presence on it, has been organized into dioceses, also referred to in legal parlance as "particular churches" (defined in canon 369 ). Simoni Current Only | Rom., V, 604 sqq.). Ernest This statement takes it for granted that at the end of the eighth century the weekly service of the cardinal-bishops was already an ancient custom. Martini et Silvestri. This appointment carried with it the obligation to be ordained to a clerical order, [1] meaning that "lay cardinal " was not a permanent state, but a term in reference to a man who was . X. To the many duties of the cardinals correspond very extensive rights. Catholicism: What are the differences between cardinal bishops - Quora Isti decem et octo diaconi totidem ecclesias habent infra muros civitatis. The cardinals fulfilled this collegial function on Monday, when they voted to approve the new candidates for sainthood. What does that even mean? The dean is the successor of the former archpriest, the first of the cardinal-priests, known since the twelfth century as prior cardinalium presbyterorum; he is also to some extent the successor of the archdeacon, known since the thirteenth century as prior diaconorum cardinalium. Marcellini et Petri, S. Clementis. by rank Notes: Cardinals that reach the age of 80 before the day the Holy See becomes vacant may not vote in a conclave. And since, as a rule, the cardinals number less than seventy, there are usually several churches without any cardinal. The superior rank of the cardinals was clearly indicated when, after the time of Alexander III, bishops and even archbishops became cardinal-priests, and even (though less frequently) cardinal-deacons (Sagmuller, Die Tatigkeit and Stellung der Kardinale, 193 sqq.). In their titular churches the cardinals exercise a certain quasi-episcopal jurisdiction, i.e. Councils Jahrhundert, Munster, 1895; Baumgarten, Untersuchungen and Urkunden-Ether die Camera collegii cardinalium fur die Zeit von 1295-1437, Leipzig, 1889; A. Gottlob, Die Servitientaxe im 13. Gervasio e Protasio. The College of cardinals. in Vlto de schismaticis, V, 3; Paul IV, Cum ssepius, January 9, 1556 in Bullar. XXIV, de ref., c. 17). The Pillar The priest promises obedience to the bishop in service to God's people. In the entourage and service of the pope we meet not only bishops of Ostia, Porto, Albano, Prieneste, and Silva Candida, but also bishops of Velletri, Gabii, Tivoli, Anagni, Nepi, and Segni (Phillips, Kirchenrecht, VI, 178 sqq. by Year | Rom., VI, 502 sqq. Eastern Catholic Churches, Santa Stefano, Cathedral, Shkodr, Archdiocese of, Please contact the Cardinal through the Archdiocese of. et Ord., I, 33). J. Mabillon, in Museum Italicum, Paris, 1724, II, 574): Cardinales Sanctae Mariae Maioris sunt ii: SS. VIII. cit., ed. At the same meeting, eight cardinals formally received a change in rank within the colleges three tiers of seniority. The College of Cardinals is structured in three orders, or ranks: the order of "cardinal deacons," the order of "cardinal priests," and the order of "cardinal bishops." There are. des sciences morales et politiques, 1903, 449 sqq. (Catechism of the Catholic Church 1592) A deacon is a Roman Catholic man that is an ordained member of the Catholic Clergy. nomination proper, of new cardinals; the publication of names reserved in petto; the giving of the cardinalitial insignia with exception of the red hat; the opening and closing of the mouth; the institution of patriarchs, metropolitans, and bishops, and the nomination of such titular bishops as do not belong to the missionary territories; the transfer of bishops; the granting of the pallium to archbishops; the creation, division, and union of dioceses; the institution of abbots whose abbeys are in the gift of the Holy See; the nomination of the camerlengo and the vice-chancellor of the Roman Church; the choice and mission of cardinals as legati a latere; the conclusion of concordats, consultation on differences and conflicts between Church and State. Countries | titulos in urbe Roma divisit presbyteris; and again: Hie [Dionysius, 259-268] presbyteris ecclesias dedit et cymeteria et paroccias diocesis constituit; and elsewhere: [Marcellus, 308-309] XXV titulos in urbe Roma constituit quasi diocesis propter baptismum et paenitentiam, multorum qui convertebantur ex paganis et propter sepulturas martyrum (op. Bened., XIV, IV, Const. In keeping with this custom we find the term Cardinales applied at Rome from the end of the fifth century to priests permanently attached to the (twenty-five to twenty-eight) Roman tituli, or quasi-parishes (quasi dioceses), belonging to the church of the Bishop of Rome, the popetherefore to the Cardo ecclesiae par excellencein which tituli the Sacraments of Baptism and Penance were administered, and which were also often called tituli cardinales. Jahrhundert, Stuttgart, 1905; E. Gller, Der Liber taxarum der, papstlichen Kammer, Rome, 1905). de crocea cardinalium veste, Rome, 1670). In the order of bishops, however, seniority is not according to date of reception in the cardinalitial body, but according to the date of episcopal consecration (Clement XII, Pastorale officium, 5, January 10, 1731, in Bullar. Cardinal-deacons; III. Hence, only cardinals of reigning houses retain their inherited titles of nobility and their family arms, but without the crown and with the cardinals hat and the fifteen tassels (Innocent X, Militantis ecclesiae, December 19, 1644, in Bullar. (See Roman Congregations; Conclave; Pope. Innocent XII finally forbade all such previous agreements by the Constitution Ecclesiae Catholicm of September 22, 1695. The cardinalitial titles are as follows: S. Lorenzo in Lucina, S. Agnese fuori le mura, S. Agostino, S. Anastasia, SS. But, while the pope only names cardinal bishops at his own discretion, during an ordinary consistory cardinal deacons and priests can transfer to different titles within their order and, if they have served ten years as a cardinal deacon, they can choose (with the popes approval) to transfer to the order of priests, as happened on Monday. Lastly it was equivalent to principalis, i. e., excellent, superior, and is so used by St. Augustine (De baptismo, I, 6; ed. XXIV, De ref., c. i). (Cf. I. CARDINAL-PRIESTS.Until late in the Middle Ages the title of cardinal was given to prominent priests of important churches, e.g., at Constantinople, Milan, Ravenna, Naples, Sens, Trier, Magdeburg, and Cologne (cf. Order of precedence in the Catholic Church - Wikipedia Thus the oldest of the cardinal-bishops can choose the office of Dean of the College; he becomes at the same time Bishop of Ostia, since according to ancient custom the Dean of the Sacred College is always the Bishop of Ostia. In face of such an attitude on the part of the cardinals, some popes were very cautious and conciliatory and might be classed as parliamentary popes, e.g. Cardinal priests are the largest of the three orders of cardinals. In a similar way the cardinal-bishops, cardinal-priests, and cardinal-deacons came to form a corporation, by the fact that since Alexander III (1159-1181) they alone had the right to elect the pope, they alone were his immediate assistants at Mass, and were his only counsellors in all important matters. Read More. 75.1. ( VIAF: 33475016; WikiData: Q593669 ) Richard James Cardinal Cushing (born 24 Aug 1895, died 2 Nov 1970 ) Archbishop Emeritus of Boston. omnia, ed. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Cardinal - NEW ADVENT

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