J. Biotechnol. Moreover, they found that a previous awareness of cultured meat is the best predictor of its acceptance, emphasizing the importance of familiarity. Ying, Q.-L. et al. The outline of the paper is as follows. Environ Resource Econ 79, 3361 (2021). Some argue that our societies should invest in this product, at the least to see if any benefits may be realized (Stephens et al. 14, 285294 (2015). If a firm is able to produce (and patent) the most competitive cultured meat product(s), it is likely that this firm could duplicate the production essentially everywhere, and secure the whole market. Moritz, M. S. M., Verbruggen, S. E. L. & Post, M. J. From this viewpoint, this is not a surprise that Singapore is the first country to commercialize cultured meat. An important issue is whether or not cultured meat production will continue to use traditional agricultural products (vegetables, legumes, sugar, etc.) www.ipes-food.org, IPBES (2019) Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (in press), IPCC (2019) Climate change and land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (in press), Iyengar SS, Lepper MR (2000) When choice is demotivating: can one desire too much of a good thing? distress, anxiety or boredom.Footnote 20 Animal suffering is in fact consubstantial with essentially every form of animal farming. In a world with an overall growing and wealthier population, the demand for meat is thus expected to increase considerably. The Singapore Food Agency authorized the commercialization of the Eat Just's cultured chicken in December 2020. Perry, L., Flugelman, M. Y. Bryant, C., Szejda, K., Parekh, N., Desphande, V. & Tse, B. van der Valk, J. et al. CM Production CM is real animal meat (unlike plant-based) produced by culturing animal cells in vitro, where they are fed a mixture of nutrients and growth factors, causing them to proliferate and differentiate into the end-product [ 3]. Another scenario is that of a niche market. 2020). J. Biomed. It also requires an appetite for technology. Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 Laying Down Specific Hygiene Rules for Food of Animal Origin (European Commission, 2004). eXPRESS Polymer Lett. Histol. Nowadays, there exist about 50 startups around cultured meat and seafood (Cameron and ONeill 2019; Rubio et al. Dis. Doubleday, Garden City, New York, Bgue L, Treich N (2019) Immediate and 15-week correlates of individual commitment to a Green Monday national campaign fostering weekly substitution of meat and fish by other nutrients. This discussion about the demand of some segment of consumers and food substitution effects raises an important question about the economics of (cultured) meat. Prepared by the Oxford Martin School, Young JF, Skrivergaard S (2020) Cultured meat on a plant-based frame. Most importantly, these studies are hypothetical, and thus by their very nature face traditional issues regarding hypothetical bias in survey studies. Vegetarians currently represent between 3 and 10% of the population in developed countries. Res. New production techniques may also generate non-food products, such as cultured leather or collagen. It could provide food for pets (Oven et al. Technol. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113(15):41464151, Springmann M, Spajic L, Clark MA, Poore J et al (2020) The healthiness and sustainability of national and global food based dietary guidelines: modelling study. Appetite 81:168179, Tuomisto HL, Hodge ID, Riordan P, Macdonald DW (2012) Does organic farming reduce environmental impacts? (2018) and Springmann et al. Consequently, we conclude that it may be necessary to resort to other solutions beyond the standard regulation of production and/or consumption of conventional meat. is supported by Advanced Research Projects Agency, National Institute of Health, the Good Food Institute and New Harvest. ADS For instance, if cultured meat and conventional meat become barely distinguishable, they might be fraudulently substituted in the production or retail stage, which may require advanced tracker technologies to detect the fraud. Google Scholar. That is, people like to eat animals but do not like to feel responsible for the suffering and slaughter of animals, and look (perhaps subconsciously) for excuses and justifications. A major factor affecting acceptance levels is the presence of aesthetic concerns around the taste, texture and appearance of cultured meat. & Smith, J. M. Optimality theory in evolutionary biology. (Figure reproduced under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Psychol. Since consumer confidence about the safety of the product is critical, this regulatory approval will also be critical for consumers acceptance in general. USA 61, 477483 (1968). J. Sci. Improved vascular organization enhances functional integration of engineered skeletal muscle grafts. CAS EFSA Support. Agri. Goonoo, N. & Bhaw-Luximon, A. CAS Med. The Conversation (21 January 2019). We note first that from a pure utilitarian perspective this is a curse only if living for an animal would be better than not living. 2014). J. Ben-Arye, T. et al. 17, 98106 (1995). More rapid production time also induces more flexibility to adapt to demand (less time to produce, etc. Synthetic food will, of course, also be used in the future. (Ford 2013, p. 44). 6, 13 (2011). Med. Consumer acceptance of cultured meat: a systematic review. A central additional point concerns how R&D policy may help manage externalities. Rao, L., Qian, Y., Khodabukus, A., Ribar, T. & Bursac, N. Engineering human pluripotent stem cells into a functional skeletal muscle tissue. However, as we have argued, it is important to realize that it is very difficult today to anticipate future consumers acceptance. Smith, A. U.S. views of technology and the future: science in the next 50 years. Biotechnol. 2020). 2008). Hence, cultured meat techniques are potentially some way from being able to reproduce the diversity and texture of various meat products (Ford 2013; Chriki and Hocquette 2020). Indeed, as we are clearly observing now, startups are specialized as to a specific meat type (see Sect. 2018; Wang et al. Google Scholar. J Risk Uncertain 27:77103, Gosseries A, Meijers T (2019) Animal population ethics. Tucker, C. A. This technique has largely focused on medical applications, such as regenerative medicine, and non-animal in vitro models used in toxicology and drug development. 2018). impact, animal welfare and sustainability challenges of conventional animal farming for meat production. There are two main methods of creating 3-D tissue. These numbers are significant, but they rely on speculative assumptions about the production of cultured meat. Scalable GMP compliant suspension culture system for human ES cells. Part A 15, 935944 (2009). Scientific, sustainability and regulatory challenges of cultured meat Social Values, Science and Technology (European Commission, 2005). Vet. Stem Cells Dev. (2020) find that ethics is the stronger driver. MultiMetEval: comparative and multi-objective analysis of genome-scale metabolic models. PubMed Chemically defined conditions for human iPSC derivation and culture. Cell 149, 1174 (2012). Another issue concerns wild animals. Interestingly, the standard models of cognitive dissonance would then predict that the simple availability of meat alternatives, such as cultured meat, may increase ethical beliefs towards the environment and animals. Some studies examine the specific factors that particularly influence consumers acceptance. This work divided the industrial production of cultured meat into three goals according to the cell types and complexity, and discusses the technologies used to achieve low-cost cultured meat industrial production. Animal farming is also a major driver of deforestation, loss of biodiversity and epidemics. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 231247, Chriki S, Hocquette J-F (2020) The myth of cultured meat: a review. Additionally, information technologies render the intensive rearing conditions of animals increasingly visible, which are becoming more and more socially unacceptable. 2020). 111, 6983 (2014). Cultured meat can be produced by applying . If this innovation succeeds, it is likely that this will be to the profit of inventors and processors and at the expense of farmers, possibly aggravating an already unbalanced situation. Thisprocess provides additional reasons for the limitations of studies predicting future consumers choices. Swift, J. et al. 7, 976982 (2018). Emerg. The difficulty is that this strategy has been tried for decades, with very limited success. Indeed, there is also a rationale for regulators to fund fundamental research because it is unlikely that startups fully account of all positive long-term societal externalities. Vercalsteren, A. PLoS ONE 7, e51511 (2012). Tissue Eng. Bioengineer. PubMed Central The Grocer (6 January 2017). Koffler, J. et al. And if not, this means that we do not consider farm animals beyond the commercial value of their flesh. In Sect. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Cultured meat experts from Mosa Meat, Aleph Farms, Tuft university and Memphis Meats have published a review article on the scientific, sustainability and regulatory challenges of cultivated meat. & Maranas, C. D. A genome-scale Escherichia coli kinetic metabolic model k-ecoli457 satisfying flux data for multiple mutant strains. J. Anim. This pressure may be high in some countries such as Singapore where novel technologies like cultured meat may help ensure food self-sufficiency. High quality biodiesel production from a microalga Chlorella protothecoides by heterotrophic growth in fermenters. This figure represents the three main stages of the production of cultured meat. Rafiq, Q. Dev. J. Physiol. Worldwide, numerous companies are now competing to commercialise cultured meat. Christov, C. et al. (2020). Stephens, N. et al. Scientific, sustainability and regulatory challenges of cultured meat Furthermore, we must emphasize that farm animals need not disappear, as we may imagine another destiny for them, such as for the few who nowadays live in animal sanctuaries. Braga, M., Simmons, Z., Norris, K. C., Ferrini, M. G. & Artaza, J. N. Vitamin D induces myogenic differentiation in skeletal muscle derived stem cells. Technol. 2, 1C.2.11C.2.16 (2007). J. Biomech. Cell 18, 13971409 (2007). Although the impact of producing animal products may highly vary, depending on the method of production, they strikingly demonstrate that the impacts of the lowest-impact animal products typically exceed those of vegetable substitutes (Poore and Nemecek 2018, p. 987). Cultured Meat: Promises and Challenges - PubMed Scientific, sustainability and regulatory challenges of cultured meat. 2020), such as dogs or cats, since acceptability is likely less of an issue for most pet owners. Am. http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-c/salt02.pdf, Schaefer GO, Savulescu J (2014) The ethics of producing in vitro meat. Diaz-Flores, L.Jr et al. These cells are further put into a bioreactor where they multiply, and are transferred to a matrix or scaffold to grow into muscle fibers and larger tissue. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00046 (2019). 1 (Tuomisto 2018). Scale-up economics for cultured meat - Wiley Online Library See Post et al. A recent study indicates, for instance, that the main air polluting sector in the US today is agriculture, due mainly to animal farming (Tschofen et al. Tech. (2017) and Chriki and Hocquette (2020), it is not clear for Islam/Judaism if cultured meat is halal/kosher. 2020). Pullens, R. A., Stekelenburg, M., Baaijens, F. P. & Post, M. J. J. Clin. Metabolism 43, 906912 (1994). Third, this logic is fundamentally based on a murderous relationship to animals (Burgat 2019), and can hardly be presented as a desirable moral goal. A three-dimensional culture model of reversibly quiescent myogenic cells. Tatum, M. Meat the future and how to market it. Multivascular networks and functional intravascular topologies within biocompatible hydrogels. Basic Books, New York. We first present issues regarding the externalities of conventional meat and the need to find solutions, in Sect. Environ. Genovese, N. J., Domeier, T. L., Telugu, B. P. V. L. & Roberts, R. M. Enhanced development of skeletal myotubes from porcine induced pluripotent stem cells.

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