It is unknown whether such a crest was present on E. annectens, and whether it was an indicator of sexual dimorphism. [21], Most of the skeleton is preserved, the bones still attached to each other in their original anatomical position. Similarly, the three previously recognized Maastrichtian edmontosaur species likely represent growth stages of a single species, with E. saskatchewanensis representing juveniles, E. annectens subadults, and Anatotitan copei fully mature adults. Several have been well-publicized, such as the "Trachodon mummy" of the early 20th century,[59][60] and the specimen nicknamed "Dakota",[34][35][61] the latter apparently including remnant organic compounds from the skin. Edmontosaurus | Prehistoric Kingdom Wiki | Fandom Edmontosaurus - Wikipedia Edmontosaurus is classified as a genus of saurolophine (or hadrosaurine) hadrosaurid, a member of the group of hadrosaurids that lacked large, hollow crests and instead had smaller, solid crests or fleshy combs.[4]. On the same day as Thomson, William Jacob Holland, director of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, arrived at Lusk. Although the second and third finger had hoof-like unguals, these bones were also within the skin and not apparent from the outside. Edmontosaurus ( / dmntsrs / ed-MON-t-SOR-s) (meaning "lizard from Edmonton "), often colloquially and historically known as Anatosaurus (meaning "duck lizard"), is a genus of hadrosaurid (duck-billed) dinosaur It contains two known species: Edmontosaurus regalis and Edmontosaurus annectens. The rear edge of the bony nostril was extended towards the front by a flange which was probably a cartilaginous structure, indicating that the rear part of the bony nostril was covered by soft tissue, forming a nasal cavity. [61] Because of these finds, the scalation of Edmontosaurus annectens is known for most areas of the body. [2], The skull of a fully grown Edmontosaurus could be over a metre long. thesis]: Austin, University of Texas, 231 p. Wagner, J.R. 2001. Gilmore found that his new species compared closely to what he called Thespesius annectens, but left the two apart because of details of the arms and hands. [66] However, the most recent review of Hadrosauridae, by Jack Horner and colleagues (2004), came to a noticeably different result: Edmontosaurus was nested between Gryposaurus and the "brachylophosaurs", and distant from Saurolophus. He assumed that the frill would have extended upwards by at least one further row of clusters. [22], The sediments of the discovery site were deposited by a meandering river. [12][13] Although the skeleton of the Senckenberg mummy is more complete, it is less well preserved than AMNH 5060. [5][79] Such a motion would parallel the effects of mastication in mammals, although accomplishing the effects in a completely different way. An Edmontosaurus is a cozy home for a louse and its prolific, extended familyfoot after foot of supple dinosaur flesh just waiting for tiny piercing mouthparts. [87], In 2003, evidence of tumors, including hemangiomas, desmoplastic fibroma, metastatic cancer, and osteoblastoma, was described in Edmontosaurus bones. The type species, E. regalis, was named by Lawrence Lambe in 1917, although several other species that are now classified in Edmontosaurus were named earlier. Plant of the Month: Rough Horsetail - University of Tennessee There is still a lot of movement in the . The ridge ends in the lower front of the depression, which is the most likely location for the fleshy nostril. Rybczynski and colleagues were not convinced that the Weishampel model is viable, but noted that they have several improvements to implement to their animation. [14][8] The largest surviving scales are found on the outer side of the arms; these polygonal tubercles were up to 1cm (0.39in) in diameter. When removing a large piece of sandstone from the chest region of the specimen, George discovered, to his surprise, a perfectly preserved skin impression. [51] The skull was roughly triangular in profile,[20] with no bony cranial crest. The carcass would have been embedded within hours or days. July 4th Sale! [45] This ridge was for the attachment of powerful muscles attached to the hips and tail that pulled the thighs (and thus the hind legs) backward and helped maintain the use of the tail as a balancing organ. The distribution of Edmontosaurus fossils suggests that it preferred coasts and coastal plains. These clusters consisted of between twenty and several hundred individual pavement tubercles, and were bordered by intermediate tubercles which mediated in size and shape between ground and pavement tubercles. The fingers of the mummy are partially connected to each other by an envelope of skin impressions. This truly wonderful specimen, therefore, nearly doubles our previous insight into the habits and life of a very remarkable group of reptiles. [5][17], Edmontosaurus itself was coined in 1917 by Lawrence Lambe for two partial skeletons found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (formerly the lower Edmonton Formation) along the Red Deer River of southern Alberta. [26][10] Brown further pointed out that the first finger was missing and the second to fifth fingers each consisted of three phalanges. [56], The shoulder blades were long flat blade-like bones, held roughly parallel to the vertebral column. [88] The brain was an elongate structure,[87] and as with other non-mammals, there would have been no neocortex. The Campanian species Thespesius edmontoni, previously considered a synonym of E. annectens due to its small size and skull shape, is more likely a subadult specimen of the contemporary E. regalis. [4], Although the party was enthusiastic (Sternberg's sons had never discovered dinosaur fossils before), the first weeks of search were unsuccessful. Fossils of E. regalis have been found in rocks of western North America that date from the Late Campanian stage of the Cretaceous Period 73 million . It was not until 1964 that John H. Ostrom voiced doubts about the webbed-finger hypothesis. Whether or not the specimen in question preserved the true rhamphotheca or just a cast of the inner structure attached to the bone is not known at present. "Dinosaur paleoecology. [15], Gregory S. Paul, in 1987, stated that the life appearance of Edmontosaurus and Corythosaurus can be more accurately restored than that of any other dinosaur thanks to the well-preserved mummy specimens. Every night the boys gave answer to my anxious inquiry, What have you found? In regards to Claosaurus annectens, he recommended that it be considered the same as Thespesius occidentalis. Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-3200 Phone: 865-974-2144 Email: museum@utk.edu The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Triceratops is known from many skulls, which tend to be somewhat smaller than those of more northern individuals. But a new study . Krusel, who described the material, interpreted it as the gut contents of the animal,[73] while Abel could not rule out that the plants had been washed into the carcass after death. At the end of the dry season, the mummy would have been hit by a sudden flood, transported a distance and quickly covered with sediments at the embedding site. [23] Almost two-thirds of the total skin area is preserved, often with excellent preservation. It had a toothless beak which would have been perfect for crushing this sort of plant . The index (second), third, and fourth fingers were approximately the same length and were united in life within a fleshy covering. [103], The Lancian time interval was the last interval before the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event that eliminated non-avian dinosaurs. The flagship campus of the University of Tennessee System and partner in the Tennessee Transfer Pathway. [8] Skin impressions are preserved on the forelimbs, neck and throat, and the chest, as well as on the right side of the trunk. Fossils of E. regalis have been found in rocks of western North America that date from the late Campanian . The fastest non-hopping gaits were galloping (maximum simulated speed of 15.7 metres per second (57km/h; 35mph)) and running bipedally (maximum simulated speed of 14.0 metres per second (50km/h; 31mph)). [38] Freshwater fish, salamanders, turtles, diverse lizards, snakes, shorebirds, and small mammals lived alongside the dinosaurs. Fossilguy.com: Edmontosaurus: North Americas most studied dinosaur [25] A specimen once identified as belonging to Anatosaurus edmontoni (now considered to be the same as E. regalis) is reported as having an additional back vertebra and 85tail vertebrae, with an undisclosed amount of restoration. This type of river constantly migrates its riverbed by eroding the cut bank (the bank on the outside of the river bends) and depositing sediment on the slip-off slope (on the inside of the bends). The most common class was interpreted as resulting from an oblique motion, not a simple up-down or front-back motion, which is consistent with the Weishampel model. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville From these observations, Osborn hypothesized a connection between pigmentation and scaling: the "pavement tubercle" clusters might have represented dark-colored areas on a bright base; the irregular distribution of the clusters would indicate an irregular color pattern; and the most elaborate color pattern would be present on the skin frill of the neck. The isotopes of these two elements are determined by various internal and external factors, such as the type of plants being eaten, the physiology of the animal, salinity, and climate. [24] Stephen Czerkas, in 1997, argued that this row would likely have extended over much of the body, including the neck, making a frill of loosely folded skin seem unlikely. The Edmontosaurus mummy AMNH 5060 is an exceptionally well-preserved fossil of a dinosaur in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). The larger "pavement tubercles", less than 5mm (0.20in) in diameter, were pentagonal in shape, raised relative to the ground tubercles, and arranged in irregular clusters interrupting the surface formed by the lower ground tubercles. It was based on NMC8399, another nearly complete skeleton lacking most of the tail. A new study further explores the proliferation of the most commonly occurring duck-billed dinosaur of the ancient Arctic as the genus Edmontosaurus. Natalia Rybczynski and colleagues have updated this work with a much more sophisticated three-dimensional animation model, scanning a skull of E. regalis with lasers. At least a dozen individuals are known,[19] including seven skulls with associated postcrania and five to seven other skulls. [34] Further simulations using a subadult specimen estimated as weighing 715 kilograms (1,576lb) when alive produced a model that could run or hop bipedally, use a trot, pace, or single foot symmetric quadrupedal gait, or move at a gallop. He proposed that the structure of the skull permitted motion between bones that resulted in backward and forward motion of the lower jaw, and outward bowing of the tooth-bearing bones of the upper jaw when the mouth was closed. The teeth were continually replaced, taking about half a year to form. Edmontosaurus regalis - Wikipedia [24] At the time, T. saskatchewanensis was unusual because of its small size, estimated at 7 to 7.3 metres (23 to 24ft) in length. A ridge running diagonally across the depression might have been a cartilaginous septum supporting a nasal cavity. The first well-supported species of Edmontosaurus was named in 1892 as Claosaurus annectens by Othniel Charles Marsh. Rare 'Mummified Dinosaur' Formed in an Unexpected Way Candidates for ingested abrasives include silica-rich plants like horsetails and soil that was accidentally ingested due to feeding at ground level. Edmontosaurus was one of the last non-avian dinosaurs to ever exist, and lived alongside dinosaurs like Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, and Pachycephalosaurus shortly before the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event. Two scratch classes were interpreted as resulting from forward or backward movement of the jaws. Specifically, the long, low skull of A. copei is the result of ontogenetic change and represents mature E. annectens individuals. The structure of the hip hindered the animal from standing with its back erect, because in such a position the thigh bone would have pushed against the joint of the ilium and pubis, instead of pushing only against the solid ilium. [8], In his 1911 description, Osborn coined the term "dinosaur mummy" for the specimen. In both mummies, the possibility cannot be ruled out that the plant material was washed into the abdominal cavity only after the death of the animal. [9] The skin impressions are pressed tightly onto the bones, and are partially drawn into the body in between the bones. Tyrannosaurus Hunting Edmontosaurus [Prehistoric Planet] Albertosaurus and Saurornitholestes tooth marks are common at one Alberta bone bed,[110] and Daspletosaurus fed on Edmontosaurus and fellow hadrosaurid Saurolophus at another Alberta site.[111]. [25], AMNH 5060 allowed for the first accurate reconstruction of the hand skeleton of a hadrosaurid. Sternberg speculated that these tendons served as defensive structures and could not be penetrated by the claws of predatory dinosaurs such as the contemporary Tyrannosaurus. [80] Work in the early 2000s has challenged the Weishampel model. [12], As a side note, Trachodon selwyni, described by Lawrence Lambe in 1902 for a lower jaw from what is now known as the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta,[14] was erroneously described by Glut (1997) as having been assigned to Edmontosaurus regalis by Lull and Wright. [25], The number of vertebrae differs between specimens. Sternberg was working for the British Museum of Natural History, but Henry Fairfield Osborn of the American Museum of Natural History was able to purchase the specimen for $2,000. Any chemical analysis of AMNH 5060 would be problematic, however, as consolidating chemicals have been applied to its skin for preservation. Its head was flat and sloping with a wide, toothless beak, cheek pouches, and hundreds of closely-packed cheek teeth that ground up its food. Edmontosaurus (/dmntsrs/ ed-MON-t-SAWR-s) (meaning "lizard from Edmonton") is a genus of hadrosaurid (duck-billed) dinosaur. Incredible dinosaur 'mummy' reveals a surprisingly hoof-like foot Science, education, experiments and interviews. [83] In a 2022 study, Wosik and Evans proposed that E. annectens reached maturity in 9 years of age based on their analysis for various specimens from different loaclities. [22], The skin was thin and delicate in relation to the size of the animal. Their study provided further evidence that Anatotitan copei is a synonym of E. annectens. Barnum Brown, who discovered the specimen in 1900, referred to it as Claosaurus because E. annectens was thought to be a species of Claosaurus at the time. While clarifying that a reconstruction of the coloration is currently not possible given the many different factors that influence coloration, they remarked that the melanin distribution may potentially allow for deriving a monochrome (black-and-white) picture of the animal's pigmentation pattern. They found the result to be similar to that of other hadrosaurs. Almost two-thirds of the skin is preserved. He concluded that the type species of Anatosaurus, A. annectens, was actually a species of Edmontosaurus and that A. copei was different enough to warrant its own genus. He also noted that his species had more vertebrae than Marsh's in the back and neck, but proposed that Marsh was mistaken in assuming that the annectens specimens were complete in those regions. It probably went on all fours when standing still or moving slowly, and switched to using the hind legs alone when moving more rapidly. Furthermore, Bakker argued that the fingers were short and could hardly have been spread apart, which distinguishes them fundamentally from the long, spread toes of today's paddling animals such as ducks. [69], Because scratches dominate the microwear texture of the teeth, Williams et al. Sternberg instructed George and Levi to carefully remove the sandstone above the skeleton, and Sternberg himself set off for Lusk with Charles Jr. to purchase new supplies and to initiate the shipping of the Triceratops skull to the British Museum. Several other hadrosaurids, including Brachylophosaurus, Gilmoreosaurus, and Bactrosaurus, also tested positive. Name: Edmontosaurus Type (Class): Hadrosaur (duck-billed dinosaur) Adult Length: ~ 30 - 50 feet Adult Weight: ~ 5 - 9 tons Lived in: Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, Saskatchewan and Alberta Alive During: Late Cretaceous Period Food Source: Herbivore (plant-eater) Fun Fact: These motions would account for the observed tooth wear and a more solidly constructed skull than modeled by Weishampel. [22] The specimen was found lying on its back, with head and neck twisted upwards, backwards, and to the right side of the body. [8] A patch of skin is also present in the nostril region of the snout; these scales measured 3 to 5mm (0.12 to 0.20in) in diameter. It contains two known species: Edmontosaurus regalis and Edmontosaurus annectens. Edmontosaurus: A Tennessee Dinosaur - tnmuseum.org [25] Anatosaurus would come to be called the "classic duck-billed dinosaur."[26]. Michael Triebold, informally reporting on the specimen, suggested a scenario where small theropods attacked the throat of the edmontosaur; the animal survived the initial attack but succumbed to its injuries shortly thereafter. A 2008 review of dinosaur migration studies by Phil R. Bell and Eric Snively proposed that E. regalis was capable of an annual 2,600 kilometres (1,600mi) round-trip journey, provided it had the requisite metabolism and fat deposition rates. [5] It was either closely related to[17] or includes the species Anatosaurus annectens (alternately Edmontosaurus annectens),[5] a large hadrosaurid from various latest Cretaceous formations of western North America. Early phylogenies, such as that presented in R. S. Lull and Nelda Wright's influential 1942 monograph, had Edmontosaurus and various species of Anatosaurus (most of which would be later considered as additional species or specimens of Edmontosaurus) as one lineage among several lineages of "flat-headed" hadrosaurs. [90], Like other hadrosaurids, Edmontosaurus is thought to have been a facultative biped, meaning that it mostly moved on four legs, but could adopt a bipedal stance when needed. The 2,400-pound, 24-foot-long bronze skeleton of the Edmontosaurus was installed in front of the museum in 2013 in honor of museums fiftieth anniversary celebration. Edmontosaurus Bonebed Provides Data on Dinosaur Decomposition The wrist was simple, with only two small bones. These researchers inferred the presence of melanin pigments in the skin of another Edmontosaurus mummy nicknamed Dakota. [2][7] Today, the mummy is regarded as one of the museum's most important fossils. Edmontosaurus is a genus of Hadrosaurid dinosaur that lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous. A slip-off slope forms a characteristic sediment sequence known as a point bar. Richard Swann Lull and Nelda Wright, in a 1942 publication, suggested that skin impressions are preserved within the depression; a deepening in this possible skin in the front part of the depression could mark the position of the fleshy nostrils. These fossils revealed a powerful animal of 12 meters long, the biggest duckbill known at the time . [8] Subsequently, the mummy was scientifically described by Osborn himself and the famous paleontologist Barnum Brown in three articles published in 1911 and 1912,[9][8][10] and afterwards was put on display. Diet: herbivorous Teeth: horny beak and 1,000 grinding cheek teeth Food: tough pine needles, cones and twigs How it moved: on 2 or 4 legs When it lived: It is classified within the Saurolophinae (alternately Hadrosaurinae), a clade of hadrosaurids which lacked hollow crests. Two large speimens, MOR 1609 and MOR 1142 were probably over 15 meters (49 feet) in length! [62][63][64], Edmontosaurus was a hadrosaurid (a duck-billed dinosaur), a member of a family of dinosaurs which to date are known only from the Late Cretaceous. Sometimes, hadrosaurs can be a real pain. [81] Vincent Williams and colleagues (2009) published additional work on hadrosaurid tooth microwear. Discovered in 1908 in the United States near Lusk, Wyoming, it was the first dinosaur specimen found to include a skeleton encased in skin impressions from large parts of the body. Levi discovered more bones nearby, apparently belonging to the same skeleton. Ostrom was able to show that hadrosaurids did not feed on soft aquatic plants as previously assumed, but that their elaborate chewing apparatus was designed to crush resistant plant material such as conifers. [89], Osteochondrosis, or surficial pits in bone at places where bones articulate, is also known in Edmontosaurus. Edmontosaurus was one of the more common dinosaurs of the interval. Osborn observed that the upper edge of the comb had been destroyed during the recovery of the mummy, so that the height of the crest can no longer be determined. saskatchewanensis. The inner side of the arms was completely covered by small tubercles. "Cranial variation in. The mummy was discovered lying on its back, its neck twisted backwards and its forelimbs outstretched. [10] Hatcher's work led to a brief consensus until post-1910, when new material from Canada and Montana showed a greater diversity of hadrosaurids than previously suspected. Although more than 10,000fossils were examined in this manner, the tumors were limited to Edmontosaurus and closely related genera. Fact check: 'Mummified' dinosaur from German museum exhibit, not US [19], In a 2014 study, researchers proposed that E. regalis reached maturity in 10-15 years of age. Tenessee State Museum, accessed April 12, Edmontosaurus: A Tennessee Dinosaur Dennis Hansen, Oct. 22, 2021, Tweet Dinosaur Museum Altmhltal, accessed April 12, Home page Campione, N.E. The transport ship, the SS Mount Temple, was sunk by a German raider ship in 1916, resulting in the loss of the mummy as well as many other fossils discovered by Sternberg. Edmontosaurus annectens, Image courtesy of Mineo Shiraishi, Dinosaur Central.com Upcoming Events. Edmontosaurus - The Montana Dinosaur Trail The beak was toothless, and both the upper and lower beaks were extended by keratinous material. See more events. [95], Edmontosaurus has been considered a possibly migratory hadrosaurid by some authors. [8], Catherine Forster, in 1997, stated that color information can in principle not be derived from the skin impressions of dinosaur mummies. The thigh also showed relatively small tubercles on the inner side; no impressions of the outer side are preserved. Kenneth Carpenter, who studied the specimen, noted that there also seems to be a healed fracture in the left hip which predated the attack because it was more fully healed. Edmontosaurus The Tennessee Dinosaur Purple Magic 69 subscribers Subscribe 426 views 6 years ago Planet Levi is the greatest show in the world! University of Tennessees oldest Vol is Monty,an Edmontosaurus annectens. Edmontosaurus | Prehistoric Wiki | Fandom Edmontosaurus reached 9 metres, weighed around 3 tons, and occurred from Colorado, USA, in the south to Alaska in the far north. E. regalis had thirteen neck vertebrae, eighteen back vertebrae, nine hip vertebrae, and an unknown number of tail vertebrae. The brain was not particularly large for an animal the size of Edmontosaurus. It was only after the discovery of the two mummies that the hypothesis of an aquatic lifestyle became the undisputed doctrine. Among dinosaurs, osteochondrosis (like tumors) is most commonly found in hadrosaurids. The third day after their father's departure, George and Levi recognized that they had found an apparently complete skeleton lying on its back. [25], In 1942, Lull and Wright attempted to resolve the complicated taxonomy of crestless hadrosaurids by naming a new genus, Anatosaurus, to take in several species that did not fit well under their previous genera. [15][19] Although Brett-Surman regarded E. regalis and E. annectens as potentially representing males and females of the same species,[27] all E. regalis specimens come from older formations than E. annectens specimens. Nicknamed "Dakota", it was discovered in 1999 by Tyler Lyson and came from the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota. [106] The climate was humid and subtropical, with conifers, palmettos, and ferns in the swamps, and conifers, ash, live oak, and shrubs in the forests. [5] It used its broad beak to cut loose food, perhaps by cropping,[5] or by closing the jaws in a clamshell-like manner over twigs and branches and then stripping off the more nutritious leaves and shoots. The reasons for this distribution is unclear. At the time, the genus Trachodon encompassed nearly all known hadrosaurid specimens. This sampling method takes advantage of the organization of hadrosaurid dental batteries to find variation in tooth isotopes over a period of time. [19][36][37], E. annectens is known from the Frenchman Formation of Saskatchewan, the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, and the Lance Formation of South Dakota and Wyoming. Gilmore named the first, Thespesius edmontoni, in 1924. Edmontosaurus (/dmntsrs/ ed-MON-t-SOR-s) (meaning "lizard from Edmonton"), often colloquially and historically known as Anatosaurus (meaning "duck lizard"), is a genus of hadrosaurid (duck-billed) dinosaur It contains two known species: Edmontosaurus regalis and Edmontosaurus annectens. [27][28][29] Charles H. Sternberg wrote in 1917: I was reluctently giving up Marsh's and Cope's ideas; they believed these dinosaurs lived on land, feeding off the tender foliage of trees [] Entirely different views are held now [] These (the duck-bills) lived in the water instead on land, and consequently they had thin skin and strong paddles, or rather webbed feet.[12]. [5] NMC8509 included an almost complete skull, numerous vertebrae, partial shoulder and hip girdles, and partial legs, representing the first substantial dinosaur specimen recovered from Saskatchewan. [8] With the Senckenberg mummy, another Trachodon specimen with supposed webbing was discovered in 1910. It is ascribed to the species Edmontosaurus annectens (originally known as Trachodon annectens), a hadrosaurid ("duck-billed dinosaur"). Additional sediment that led to further burial would have originated from cut banks collapsing into the river further upstream, which is indicated by the high clay content of the sandstones. [98], Edmontosaurus was a wide-ranging genus in both time and space. by Lehman et al. In the mummy, these elements lie directly above each other and above the third metacarpal. [80] Further research published in 2012 by Robin Cuthbertson and colleagues found the motions required for Weishampel's model to be unlikely, and favored a model in which movements of the lower jaw produced grinding action. Not all models have been scrutinized under present techniques. The thigh bone was robust and straight, with a prominent flange about halfway down the posterior side. [14][22], The cause of death of the specimen can only be speculated about. Arctic Edmontosaurus lives again: A new look at the 'caribou of the The Edmontosaurus, dubbed the cow of the Cretaceous, was a duck-billed hadrosaur that grew to about 15 metres in length and was thought to have roamed the prairies in herds. Muscles and intestines would have completely dried out and thus shrunk, whereby the hard and leathery skin sank into the body cavity and finally adhered tightly to the bones, forming a natural mummy. Such a trip would have required speeds of about 2 to 10 kilometres per hour (1 to 6mph), and could have brought it from Alaska to Alberta. [73] Upon their description in 1922, they were the subject of a debate in the German-language journal Palontologische Zeitschrift. Email: museum@utk.edu, The University of Tennessee, KnoxvilleKnoxville, Tennessee 37996 865-974-1000. [104] The coastal plain TriceratopsEdmontosaurus association, dominated by Triceratops, extended from Colorado to Saskatchewan. The Edmontonian and Lancian time intervals had distinct dinosaur faunas. The 'caribou of the Cretaceous': study says Edmontosaurus once called

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